Nutrient availability and corn growth in a poultry litter biochar‐amended loam soil in a greenhouse experiment

Nutrient‐rich biochar produced from animal wastes, such as poultry litter, may increase plant growth and nutrient uptake although the role of direct and indirect mechanisms, such as stimulation of the activity of mycorrhizal fungi and plant infection, remains unclear. The effects of poultry litter biochar in combination with fertilizer on mycorrhizal infection, soil nutrient availability and corn (Zea mays L.) growth were investigated by growing corn in a loam soil in a greenhouse with biochar (0, 5 and 10 Mg/ha) and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer (0, half and full rates). Biochar did not affect microbial biomass C or N, mycorrhizal infection, or alkaline phosphomonoesterase activities, but acid phosphomonoesterase activities, water‐soluble P, Mehlich‐3 Mg, plant height, aboveground and root biomass, and root diameter were greater with 10 Mg/ha than with no biochar. Root length, volume, root tips and surface area were greatest in the fully fertilized soil receiving 10 Mg/ha biochar compared to all other treatments. The 10 Mg/ha biochar application may have improved plant access to soil nutrients by promoting plant growth and root structural features, rather than by enhancing mycorrhizal infection rates.     

假地豆响应缺磷胁迫的代谢衍生物分析

为探究假地豆（Desmodium heterocarpon）对缺磷胁迫的生理和代谢响应,本研究通过水培试验,分析了正常供磷（+P处理）和缺磷（-P处理）对假地豆生长及代谢物积累的影响。结果表明：缺磷胁迫降低了假地豆地上部干重和磷含量,但促进了根系生长。随后,代谢组共检测到假地豆叶片和根系的267个代谢物,可被分为12类。其中,叶片和根系的缺磷胁迫差异累积代谢物（DAMs）均为79个。缺磷处理导致假地豆叶片和根系的原花青素、槲皮素及其衍生物的积累显著增加,而2'-脱氧腺苷5'-单磷酸（dAMP）的积累显著减少。此外,缺磷处理使根系的8个有机酸和4个糖及醇类的积累显著增加。综上,假地豆通过促进根系生长和调整代谢物积累来提高对缺磷胁迫的适应性。本研究将为进一步解析假地豆适应缺磷胁迫的机理提供理论参考。     

盐胁迫对无芒雀麦幼苗叶片形态及解剖结构的影响

为了探究盐胁迫下无芒雀麦（Bromus inermis）幼苗叶片形态及解剖结构的适应性变化,本研究以‘乌苏一号’无芒雀麦（Bromus inermis Leyss.‘Wusu No.1’）为材料,分别采用NaCl：Na₂SO₄：Na₂CO₃=4：1：0（A盐）,NaCl：Na₂SO₄：Na₂CO₃=1：4：0（B盐）和NaCl：Na₂SO₄：Na₂CO₃=1：1：8（C盐）3种混合盐进行胁迫处理,其中A,B盐为中性盐,C为碱性盐,每种混合盐均设置四个不同的电导率（Electrical conductivity,EC）梯度5,10,15,20 ms·cm^-1,以浇灌自来水为对照组（CK）。试验结果表明,当C盐EC值为15 ms·cm^-1,A和B盐EC值均为20 ms·cm^-1时,各处理下幼苗的生长受到明显抑制;3种混合盐处理下,随着EC的增加,中脉厚度、主脉维管束直径、上下表皮细胞厚度、木质部面积变化均呈显著下降趋势,而上角质层厚度、韧皮部面积则表现出先增后降的变化趋势。总之,EC值<10 ms·cm^-1时,碱性盐比中性盐更促进无芒雀麦叶片各项指标的增长,当EC值>10 ms·cm^-1时,碱性盐对幼苗的抑制作用显著大于中性盐。     

槲皮素对PEDV感染幼龄仔猪肠道形态、抗氧化功能及空肠脂质代谢基因表达的影响

【目的】 通过研究槲皮素对猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）感染仔猪肠道形态、肠道抗氧化功能及空肠脂质代谢相关基因相对表达量的影响,旨在探讨槲皮素对PEDV感染仔猪肠道的保护作用。【方法】 选取18头健康的7日龄断奶仔猪,随机分为3组：对照组、PEDV组和槲皮素＋PEDV组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪。试验期8 d,于试验第0~7天,对槲皮素＋PEDV组仔猪每天口腔灌服10 mg/kg BW的槲皮素,其余组灌服等体积的人工奶。于试验第5天晚上给PEDV组和槲皮素＋PEDV组仔猪口腔灌服10^4.5TCID₅₀的PEDV,对照组仔猪灌服相同体积的PBS溶液。于试验第8天早上屠宰,取仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠及结肠组织样品进行检测。【结果】 与对照组相比,PEDV组仔猪空肠和回肠的绒毛高度以及绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值极显著降低（P<0.01）,空肠、回肠和结肠中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）和总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）的活力显著降低（P<0.05）,十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠中过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活力显著降低（P<0.05）,回肠和结肠中丙二醛（MDA）的含量显著升高（P<0.05）,空肠中载脂蛋白A1（APOA1）、载脂蛋白B （APOB）、载脂蛋白C2（APOC2）、脂肪酸结合蛋白2（FABP2）、酰基辅酶A合成酶长链家族成员3（ACSL-3）和脂肪酸合酶（FASN）基因的相对表达量极显著下调（P<0.01）。与PEDV组相比,槲皮素＋PEDV组仔猪空肠和回肠的绒毛高度以及绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值极显著提高（P<0.01）,空肠、回肠和结肠中GSH-Px和T-SOD的活力显著提高（P<0.05）,十二指肠、空肠和结肠中CAT的活力显著提高（P<0.05）,回肠和结肠中MDA的含量显著降低（P<0.05）,空肠中APOB、FABP2和FASN基因的相对表达量极显著上调（P<0.01）。【结论】 添加槲皮素可有效缓解PEDV感染导致的仔猪肠道损伤,提高仔猪肠道抗氧化能力以及空肠脂质代谢的能力。     

施氮对苜蓿初花期光合日变化、叶片形态及干物质产量的影响

通过研究不同氮素水平下滴灌苜蓿叶片形态特征、光合日变化规律,分析不同施氮水平下滴灌苜蓿光合日变化、叶片形态与干物质产量的关系,以期进一步揭示施氮对紫花苜蓿干物质及产量形成的影响机制,进而为优化实际生产中紫花苜蓿的氮管理策略提供理论依据。采用单因素随机区组设计,设置0（CK）、60（N₁）、120（N₂）和180 kg·hm^-2（N₃）共4个施氮水平,在紫花苜蓿初花期对光合日变化、叶片形态、叶片氮含量和苜蓿产量构成进行测定。结果表明,施氮处理下苜蓿的叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均高于不施氮处理,施氮处理的苜蓿叶片胞间CO₂浓度低于不施氮处理。对净光合速率和蒸腾速率综合影响最大的环境因子是光合有效辐射。随着施氮量的增加,紫花苜蓿的叶长、叶宽、叶面积、比叶重,以及叶片干重、茎秆干重、干物质产量、叶片氮含量、淀粉和可溶性糖含量均呈先增加后降低的趋势。不同施氮水平下,对叶片形态结构影响最大的为叶面积,其次分别为比叶重、叶长和叶宽,对苜蓿干物质产量影响从大到小依次为叶片氮含量>净光合速率>叶面积>蒸腾速率>比叶重。不施氮和高氮处理下光合速率下降主要是因为光合活性受到抑制,属于非气孔因素。基于主成分分析,干物质产量、叶片形态以及光合作用综合得分最高的为N₂处理,其次分别为N₃、N₁和CK处理。因此,施氮肥有助于紫花苜蓿光合面积和光合速率的协同改进,有利于光合产物的生成,从而促进苜蓿干物质产量的增加,在施氮量为120 kg·hm^-2时提升效果最为明显。     

宫内发育迟缓仔猪小肠形态和屏障功能相关基因的表达特征

为了研究宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)仔猪小肠形态和屏障功能相关基因的表达特征,选取24窝"长白×大白"杂交新生仔猪,每窝选取1头IUGR仔猪和1头正常出生体重(NBW)仔猪,分别于7、21和28日龄屠宰8头IUGR仔猪和8头NBW仔猪,采集小肠样品进行分析。结果表明:1)与NBW仔猪相比,IUGR仔猪7日龄时空肠绒毛高度、21日龄时空肠和回肠绒毛高度显著降低(P<0.05),28日龄时空肠隐窝深度显著提高(P<0.05)。2)与NBW仔猪相比,IUGR仔猪7日龄时空肠黏膜闭锁小带蛋白-1(ZO-1)、封闭蛋白-1(claudin-1)、闭合蛋白(occludin)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)和白细胞介素-8以及21日龄时空肠黏膜ZO-1和occludin、回肠黏膜ZO-1的mRNA相对表达量显著下调(P<0.05);28日龄时空肠黏膜肿瘤坏死因子-α和回肠黏膜白细胞介素-1β的mRNA相对表达量显著上调(P<0.05),回肠黏膜IL-4的mRNA相对表达量显著下调(P<0.05)。综上所述,IUGR仔猪的空肠和回肠形态受损,紧密连接蛋白基因表达下调,免疫细胞因子表达异常,进而影响小肠屏障功能。     

泡核桃主栽品种花粉形态研究

本文选取7个泡核桃主栽品种,利用扫描电子显微镜在1300倍下观察花粉粒形态,9000倍观察萌发孔和外壁纹饰。结果表明,7种泡核桃品种均属单粒花粉,花粉形态一致,为近球形,表面布有萌发孔,外壁纹饰为颗粒状雕纹,与同科同属新疆栽培的普通核桃形态相似,与同科不同属的山核桃形态存在很大差异,且不同泡核桃品种间的花粉和萌发孔大小等存在显著差异或极显著差异,以此可作为泡核桃品种鉴定、划分和判断亲缘关系远近的依据。     

叶底珠种子形态与组分研究

对叶底珠种子形态特征和内含物组分含量进行了研究测定。结果表明：①叶底珠种子呈蒜瓣状，种皮棕色，角质，稍具光泽，属双子叶有胚乳种子。种子长宽厚大小为2．21mm×1．67mm×1．52mm，单粒重3．14mg。②叶底珠种子发芽率为99％，是子叶出土幼苗，种子萌发所需时间较短，从浸种到萌发，水培、24℃恒温箱中大约需3d；土培、室温约需7d。③叶底珠种子粗脂肪含量为37．12％，明显高于可溶性糖（0．0603％）、淀粉（3．5703％）、游离氨基酸（0．0933％）、蛋白质（12．16％）等其它内含物的含量，还含有Fe、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn等多种矿质元素，且Ca、Mg含量明显高于其它矿质元素。     

Near-isogenic lines of durum wheat: their development and plant characteristics

Summary The effect of specific plant characteristics on the grain and biomass yield of durum wheat can be accurately determined by using isogenic lines, which, however, were not usually available. This study reported the effects of long glume, glaucousness, glume pubescence, black glume and purple culm on the yield and its associated characteristics in near-isogenic lines of durum wheat cv. LD222, which were developed by continuous backcrossing. The long glume trait which resulted in a large photosynthetic area did not enhance yield. Increased glume size associated with the P gene tended to increase the main culm dominance, characterized such as vigorous main culm and weak tillers, and plant height, but to reduce tillering and spike number. Consequently, grain yield and harvest index declined. Under the adequate water supplying condition of the present study, the glaucous trait was beneficial for grain yield. The trait of glume pubescence did not excert any significant effect on the yield related characteristics in the LD222 background. The traits of black glume and purple culm reduced the number of spikes per unit area and the number of kernels per unit area.     

Morphological variation within a sour cherry collection

Summary Morphological traits of 28 full-sib sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) families developed with pollen from European sour cherry selections were evaluated with principal component (PC) analysis. The traits which loaded on the first PC were size characters such as lateral length, leaf area, fruit weight, and trunk diameter increase. These character loading on the first PC could be interpreted as representing gradations between morphologies characteristic of the 2 presumed progenitor species, sweet cherry (P. avium L.) and ground cherry (P. fruticosa Pall.). Mean family differences in trunk diameter increase, lateral length, leaf area, and fruit weight varied approximately 12, 3.7, 2.5, and 2 fold, respectively. These results suggest that it may be possible to select sour cherry hybrids approaching the tree and fruit size of either progenitor species. The results are discussed in reference to germplasm collection and the potential of certain cultivars and hybrids as parents.